Introduction of (5-Carboxypentyl)(triphenyl)Phosphonium Bromide

5-Carboxypentyl)(triphenyl)phosphonium bromide is white crystal powder with the melting point of 197-201 °C. It is hygroscopic. The minimum purity of 5-Carboxypentyl)(triphenyl)phosphonium bromide is 95%. It can be used for medicine and pesticide intermediate.

Item name: (5-Carboxypentyl)(triphenyl)phosphonium bromide
CAS:50889-29-7
Molecular Formula: C24H26BrO2P
Molecular Weight: 457.34g/mol

The phosphonium (more obscurely: phosphinium) cation describes positively charged polyatomic cations with the chemical formula PR+4. Salts of the parent PH4+ are rarely encountered, but this ion is an intermediate in the preparation of the industrially useful tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride:

PH3 + HCl + 4 CH2O → P(CH2OH)4+Cl-
Organic phosphonium salts are common reagents in the laboratory. Those with a P-H bond are produced through protonation of phosphines:

PR3 + H+ → HPR3+
Many organic quaternary phosphonium cations (P+R4) are produced by alkylation of organophosphines. For example the reaction of triphenylphosphine with methyl iodide gives methyltriphenylphosphonium iodide, the precursor to a Wittig reagent:

PPh3 + CH3I → CH3PPh3+I-
The cation tetraphenylphosphonium (PPh4+) is a useful precipitating agent, analogous to quaternary ammonium salts used in phase transfer catalysis.

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Mechanism of Trypsin

  Trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4) is a serine protease found in the digestive system of many vertebrates, where it hydrolyses proteins. Trypsin is produced in the pancreas as the inactive proenzyme trypsinogen. Trypsin cleaves peptide chains mainly at the carboxyl side of the amino acids lysine or arginine, except when either is followed by proline. It is used for numerous biotechnological processes. The process is commonly referred to as trypsin proteolysis or trypsinisation, and proteins that have been digested/treated with trypsin are said to have been trypsinized.

The enzymatic mechanism is similar to that of other serine proteases. These enzymes contain a catalytic triad consisting of histidine-57, aspartate-102, and serine-195. These three residues form a charge relay that serves to make the active site serine nucleophilic. This is achieved by modifying the electrostatic environment of the serine. The enzymatic reaction that trypsins catalyze is thermodynamically favorable but requires significant activation energy (it is “kinetically unfavorable”). In addition, trypsin contains an “oxyanion hole” formed by the backbone amide hydrogen atoms of Gly-193 and Ser-195, which serves to stabilize the developing negative charge on the carbonyl oxygen atom of the cleaved amides.

The aspartate residue (Asp 189) located in the catalytic pocket (S1) of trypsins is responsible for attracting and stabilizing positively charged lysine and/or arginine, and is, thus, responsible for the specificity of the enzyme. This means that trypsin predominantly cleaves proteins at the carboxyl side (or “C-terminal side”) of the amino acids lysine and arginine except when either is bound to a N-terminal proline., although large-scale mass spectrometry data suggests a smaller propensity of cleavages even with proline. Trypsins are considered endopeptidases, i.e., the cleavage occurs within the polypeptide chain rather than at the terminal amino acids located at the ends of polypeptides.

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What Is Trypsin-Chymotrypsin1-250?

Trypsin-Chymotrypsin1-250 is a kind of  white crystalline substance, or freeze-dried powder. It is soluble in water, but it is insoluble in organic solvents, pI10.5 optimum pH value of 7.5-8.5.

Tthe most stable pH value of  Trypsin-Chymotrypsin1-250 is 2-3. It is inhibitor diisopropyl fluoro phosphate (DFP), phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF,), the the toluenesulfonyl lysine chloromethyl ketone (TLCK), a natural trypsin inhibitor, silk protease inhibitors. macroglobulin: α2, Ag +. Activator Ca2 + block trypsin autolysis, and promote the activation of trypsinogen. The substrate specificity of the positively charged lysine and arginine side chain, the product is the C-terminal lysine or arginine peptide, enzymatic reactions priority hydrolysis of arginine, lysine.

Chymotrypsin is a digestive enzyme that can perform proteolysis. Chymotrypsin preferentially cleaves peptide amide bonds where the carboxyl side of the amide bond (the P1 position) is a tyrosine, tryptophan, or phenylalanine. These amino acids contain an aromatic ring in their sidechain that fits into a ‘hydrophobic pocket’ (the S1 position) of the enzyme. The hydrophobic and shape complementarity between the peptide substrate P1 sidechain and the enzyme S1 binding cavity accounts for the substrate specificity of this enzyme. Chymotrypsin also hydrolyzes other amide bonds in peptides at slower rates, particularly those containing leucine and methionine at the P1 position.

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Therapeutic Indications of Human Hepatitis B Immunoglobulin

Human hepatitis B immunoglobulin contains antibodies to the hepatitis B virus. It can prevent hepatitis B infection from developing in a person who has been exposed to the hepatitis B virus by contact with blood or other material (for example needle stick injury, sexual exposure) known or suspected to be infected with the virus. It is also given to babies born.

Therapeutic indications of Immunoprophylaxis of hepatitis B

– In case of accidental exposure e.g. skin pricks, contamination of abrasions, spillage into eye or mouth, bites or scratches, in non-immunised subjects (including persons whose vaccination is incomplete or status unknown).
– In haemodialysed patients, until vaccination has become effective.
– In the newborn of a hepatitis B virus carrier-mother (if birthweight <1,500g irrespective of e-antigen status of mother; if >1,500g irrespective of mother’s HBeAg status but not necessary if she is known to be anti-HBe positive).
– In subjects who did not show an immune response (<10 IU/L of hepatitis B antibodies) after vaccination and for whom a continuous prevention is necessary due to the continuous risk of being infected with hepatitis B.
– Sexual contacts of patients with acute hepatitis B within one week of last contact.
– Sexual contacts of newly diagnosed chronic hepatitis B if unprotected contact within the last week.

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Medical value

Medical value
Dr. Tao Lin et al found that six kinds of lactic acid bacteria by themselves produce a protein, tightly itself fixed in the oral membrane and gastrointestinal membrane wall, this protein is able to capture HIV and firmly attached to the HIV housing. Originally, the HIV by producing a sugar itself disguised, makes the body’s immune system can not be found. With this protein is attached to the above, HIV can be identified by the immune system, and thus can not further into other human cells, and thus inhibit the spread of HIV. Six kinds of lactic acid bacteria, the majority only in direct contact with HIV can play a role, but there is a lactic acid bacteria, can their own produce to the inhibition of viral protein released into the surrounding, so very far away HIV can also occur. New findings if the practice to prevent a child from AIDS in the case of the AIDS epidemic trend is still to stop living, every year 800,000 children infected with HIV, Dr. Tao Lin’s scientific research from the mothers who are infected with HIV Once in practice, we can greatly reduce the number of HIV-infected children to accept the mother milk.

 

 

 

 

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Basic Knowledge of Human Immunoglobulin (pH4) for Intravenous Injection

Human Immunoglobulin(PH4) for intravenous Injection is a liquid preparation containing human immunoglobulins made from normal human plasma by cold ethanol fractionation method and 5% iso-osmotic glucose including two steps of viral inactivation by pasteurization and low PH method. The Antiomplementary activity is removed and no any antimicrobial: Or preservative. The purity of igG is not less than 96%. Human Immunoglobulin(PH4) for intravenous Injection is a colorless or slight yellow liquid with very slight opalescence.

The main component of this preparation is human immunoglobulin, which is prepared by cold ethanol fractionation of human plasma from healthy donors.

Dosage Form: liquid for intravenous injection
Properties: colorless or yellowish liquid with slight opalescence
Compendial Compliance: CP, BP, EP, IP
Validity Period: 36 months
Storage: 2-8℃, protect from light
Package: 1 bottle/ pack

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The History of Barium Sulfate

 

Barium sulfate is reduced to barium sulfide by carbon. The accidental discovery of this conversion many centuries ago led to the discovery of the first synthetic phosphor (Hollman and Wiberg, 2001). The sulfide, unlike the sulfate, is water soluble. Sometime prior to the autumn of 1803, the Englishman John Dalton was able to explain the results of some of his studies by assuming that matter is composed of atoms and that all samples of any given compound consist of the same combination of these atoms. Dalton also noted that in series of compounds, the ratios of the masses of the second element that combine with a given weight of the first element can be reduced to small whole numbers (the law of multiple proportions). This was further evidence for atoms. Dalton’s theory of atoms was published by Thomas Thomson in the 3rd edition of his System of Chemistry in 1807 and in a paper about strontium oxalates published in the Philosophical Transactions. Dalton published these ideas himself in the following year in the New System of Chemical Philosophy. The symbol used by Dalton for barium is shown below. [See History of Chemistry, Sir Edward Thorpe, volume 1, Watts & Co, London, 1914.]

 Barium sulfate is the inorganic compound with the chemical formula BaSO4. It is a white crystalline solid that is odorless and insoluble in water. Barium sulfate occurs as the mineral barite, which is the main commercial source of barium and materials prepared from it. The white opaque appearance and its high density are exploited in its main applications.

During the early part of the 20th century, during the Japanese colonization period, hokutolite was found to exist naturally in the Beitou hot-springs area near Taipei City, Taiwan. Hokutolite is a radioactive mineral composed mostly of PbSO4 and BaSO4, but also containing traces of U, Th and Ra.2 The Japanese harvested these elements for industrial uses, and also developed dozens of “therapeutic hot-spring baths” in the area.

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Production of Ultra-fine Modified Precipitated Barium Sulfate for General Use

Ultra-fine modified precipitated barium sulfate for general use is white powder without any taste.Its specific gravity is 4.20. It is the highest of the minerals. In addition, Ultra-fine modified precipitated barium sulfate for general use is chemically inert and insoluble in water, Alcohol,or many other solvents,except hot concentrated sulfuric acid.

Almost all of the barium consumed commercially is obtained from the mineral barite, which is often highly impure. Barite is processed by carbothermal reduction (heating with coke) to give barium sulphide:

BaSO4 + 4 C → BaS + 4 CO
In contrast to barium sulfate, barium sulfide is soluble in water and readily converted to the oxide, carbonate, and halides. To produce highly pure barium sulfate, the sulfide or chloride is treated with sulfuric acid or sulfate salts:

BaS + H2SO4 → BaSO4 + H2S
Barium sulfate produced in this way is often called blanc fixe, which is French for “permanent white.” Blanc fixe is the form of barium encountered in consumer products, such as paints.

In the laboratory barium sulfate is generated by combining solutions of barium ions and sulfate salts. Because barium sulfate is the least toxic salt of barium due to its insolubility, wastes containing barium salts are sometimes treated with sodium sulfate to immobilize (detoxify) the barium. Barium sulfate is one of the most insoluble salts of sulfate. Its low solubility is exploited in qualitative inorganic analysis as a test for Ba2+ ions as well as for sulfate.

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Topical Preperation of Soluphor P

Propertiesof  Soluphor P : It is a colourless or slightly coloured liquid which solidifies at room temper a ture and has a characteristic odour. It is soluble in water and a number of organic solvents, e.g. ethanol, isopropyl alcohol and aromatic hydro-carbons. Solutions of Soluphor P in water of up to 50% have a viscosity of no more than 4 mPa s. lending it useful in injectable formulations.Soluphor P is colourless or slightly coloured liquid which solidifies at room temperature and has a characteristic odour.It is used mainly as a solvent for veterinary injections.  Also indicated as absorption enhancer for topical formulations using the  transdermal or transmucosal route.

Topical preparations :
 A number of scientifc publications describes the application of Soluphor P as absorption enhancer in topical preparations. The penetration of  active ingredients through the human skin is markedly  increased by Soluphor P and/or accelerated to the same extent as by dime  thylsulphoxide, dimethyl isosorbide or dimethylacet a mide or even more markedly than by means of dimethyl form amide. This effect is also described for transdermal  systems and for the transmucosal application.

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An Introduction of 1,2-Propanediol

Propylene glycol, which is also called 1,2-propanediol or propane-1,2-diol, is an organic compound (a diol or double alcohol) with formula C3H8O2 or HO-CH2-CHOH-CH3. It is a colorless, nearly odorless, clear, viscous liquid with a faintly sweet taste, hygroscopic and miscible with water, acetone, and chloroform.

The compound is sometimes called α-propylene glycol to distinguish it from the isomer propane-1,3-diol HO-(CH2)3-OH, also called β-propylene glycol.

Propylene glycol contains an asymmetrical carbon atom, so it exists in two stereoisomers. The commercial product is a racemic mixture. Pure optical isomers can be obtained by hydration of optically pure propylene oxide.

Industrially, propylene glycol is produced from propylene oxide. Different manufacturers use either non-catalytic high-temperature process at 200 °C (392 °F) to 220 °C (428 °F), or a catalytic method, which proceeds at 150 °C (302 °F) to 180 °C (356 °F) in the presence of ion exchange resin or a small amount of sulfuric acid or alkali.

Final products contain 20% 1,2-propanediol, 1.5% of dipropylene glycol and small amounts of other polypropylene glycols.[4] Further purification produces finished industrial grade or USP/JP/EP/BP grade propylene glycol that is typically 99.5% or greater. Propylene glycol can also be converted from glycerol, a biodiesel byproduct.

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