A Little Description of 19-Norethindrone Acetate

Norethindrone was the first orally highly active progestin to be synthesized. It was synthesized for the first time by chemists Luis Miramontes, Carl Djerassi, and George Rosenkranz at Syntex in Mexico City in 1951. It was the progestin used in one of the first two oral contraceptives. It is often used as the related ester, norethisterone acetate.

Product name:19-Norethindrone acetate
CAS:51-98-9
Molecular Formula:C22H28O3
Molecular Weight: 340.46g/mol
Specification:CP2000/USP

19-Norethindrone acetate is a type of white or almost white crystalline powder.19-Norethindrone acetate is progesterone drugs for irregular menstruation, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis and so on.

An acetate is a derivative of acetic acid. This term includes salts and esters, as well as the anion found in solution. Most of the approximately 5 billion kilograms of acetic acid produced annually in industry are used in the production of acetates, which usually take the form of polymers. In nature, acetate is the most common building block for biosynthesis. For example, the fatty acids are produced by connecting C2 units derived from acetate. 

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Sources of Progesterone in Animal

 

Progesterone , which is also known as P4 (pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione),  is a C-21 steroid hormone involved in the female menstrual cycle, pregnancy (supports gestation) and embryogenesis of humans and other species. Progesterone belongs to a class of hormones called progestogens, and is the major naturally occurring human progestogen. Progesterone is produced in the ovaries (by the corpus luteum), the adrenal glands (near the kidney), and, during pregnancy, in the placenta. Progesterone is also stored in adipose (fat) tissue.

In humans, increasing amounts of progesterone are produced during pregnancy:

• At first, the source is the corpus luteum that has been “rescued” by the presence of human chorionic gonadotropins (hCG) from the conceptus.
• However, after the 8th week, production of progesterone shifts to the placenta. The placenta utilizes maternal cholesterol as the initial substrate, and most of the produced progesterone enters the maternal circulation, but some is picked up by the fetal circulation and used as substrate for fetal corticosteroids. At term the placenta produces about 250 mg progesterone per day.
• An additional source of progesterone is milk products. After consumption of milk products the level of bioavailable progesterone goes up.

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Simple Explanation of N-BOC-1,5-Diaminopentane

Item name:N-BOC-1,5-diaminopentane
CAS:         51644-96-3
Molecular Formula:C10H22N2O2
Formula Weight:202.29
Description of N-BOC-1,5-diaminopentane:
Density:0.965 g/cm3
Boiling Point:309.2 °C at 760 mmHg
Flash Point:140.8 °C
Refractive index:20/D 1.460
Use:Serve as intermediates of medicine.
Storage:2-8°C

Cadaverine, which can be also called 1,5-diaminopentane, is the decarboxylation product of the amino acid lysine.

However, this diamine is not purely associated with putrefaction. It is also produced in small quantities by living beings. It is partially responsible for the distinctive odors of urine and semen.Cadaverine is toxic in large doses. In rats it had an acute oral toxicity of more than 2000 mg/kg body weight.

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The Explanation of Praseodymium

Praseodymium is a chemical element that has the symbol Pr and atomic number 59. Praseodymium is a soft, silvery, malleable and ductile metal in the lanthanide group. It is too reactive to be found in native form, and when artificially prepared, it slowly develops a green oxide coating.

The element was named for the color of its primary oxide. In 1841, Swedish chemist Carl Gustav Mosander extracted a rare earth oxide residue he called “didymium” from a residue he called “lantana,” in turn separted from cerium salts. In 1885, the Austrian chemist Baron Carl Auer von Welsbach separated didymium into two salts of different colors, which he named praseodymium and neodymium. The name praseodymium comes from the Greek prasios (πράσιος), meaning green, and didymos (δίδυμος), twin.

Like most rare earth elements, praseodymium most readily forms trivalent Pr(III) ions. These are yellow-green in water solution, and various shades of yellow-green when incorporated into glasses. Many of praseodymium’s industrial uses involve its use to filter yellow light from light sources.

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Properties of Albumin Bovine

The full-length Albumin Bovine(BSA) precursor protein is 607 amino acids in length. An N-terminal 18-residue signal peptide is cut off from the precursor protein upon secretion, hence the initial protein product contains 589 amino acid residues. An additional 4 amino acids is cleaved to yield the mature BSA protein that contains 585 amino acids.

• Peptide Position Length MW Da
• Full length precursor  1 – 607 607 69,324
• Signal peptide  1 –  18 18 2,107
• Propeptide 19 –  22 4 478
• Mature protein 25 – 607 583 66,463

Physical properties of BSA:

Number of amino acid residues: 585
Molecular weight: 66,463 Da (= 66.5 kDa)
isoelectric point in water at 25 °C: 4.7[citation needed]
Extinction coefficient of 43,824 M−1cm−1 at 279 nm[1]
Dimensions: 140 X 40 X 40 Å3 (prolate ellipsoid where a = b < c)

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Classifications of Special Ceramic

Special ceramics, also known as fine ceramics, according to their functional classification, can be roughly divided into a high strength, high temperature and the composite structure of ceramic and electric and electronic function ceramic two categories. Ceramic Materials specially formulated inorganic materials, forming about 1360 degree high temperature sintering to obtain a stable and reliable anti-static properties, a new type of special ceramics, usually with one or more functions, such as: electricity, magnetism,light, heat, sound, chemical, biological, and other functions; and coupling functions, such as piezoelectric, thermoelectric, electro-optic, acousto-optic, magneto-optical and other features.

The special ceramic twentieth century, modern production and science and technology to promote and nurture the “breeding” very fast, especially in the past two or three years, new varieties of another, dazzling. In accordance with the chemical composition of the division of special ceramic: oxide ceramics, nitride ceramics, carbide ceramics, boride ceramics, silicide ceramics and fluoride ceramics, sulfide ceramic.

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Animal lung extract crude heparin preparation process

Animal lung extract crude heparin preparation process
The present invention relates to a use of pork, beef lung extract crude heparin preparation process. It is the animal lung into serous – serous insulation enzymatic to enzymatic filtration to collect the washing and elution of ion exchange resin adsorption processing ~ the filtrate ~ filtrate ~ clarification and filtration ~ dry crude heparin. Extraction methods, the present invention, the use of enzymatic hydrolysis, resin purification, compared with the traditional salt solution, product potency is increased by 15% -20%, yield 10%; raw material is inexpensive and easy to get swine bovine lung, the cost can be greatly reduced, suitable for the scale of production; compared with the salt solution, reducing the environmental pollution.

 

 

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Isotopes of Cerium

 

Cerium  is a chemical element with the symbol Ce and atomic number 58. It is a soft, silvery, ductile metal which easily oxidizes in air. Cerium was named after the dwarf planet Ceres (itself named for the Roman goddess of agriculture).

Naturally occurring cerium is composed of 4 stable isotopes; 136Ce, 138Ce, 140Ce, and 142Ce, with 140Ce being the most abundant (88.48% natural abundance). 136
Ce and 142Ce are predicted to be double beta active but no signs of activity were ever observed (for 142Ce, the lower limit on half-life is 5×1016 yr). 26 radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most long-lived being 144Ce with a half-life of 284.893 days, 139Ce with a half-life of 137.640 days, and 141Ce with a half-life of 32.501 days. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 4 days and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 10 minutes. This element also has 2 meta states.

 

The known isotopes of cerium range in atomic weight from 123 u (123Ce) to 152 u (152Ce).

 

144Ce is a high-yield product of nuclear fission; the ORNL Fission Product Pilot Plant separated substantial quantities of 144
Ce from reactor waste, and it was used in the Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion and SNAP programs.

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The Committee on the Review of Medicines of Medazepam

Medazepam is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties.

It is known by the following brand names: Nobrium, Rudotel, Raporan, Ansilan Medazepam is a long acting benzodiazepine drug. The half-life of medazepam is 36 – 200 hours.

The Committee on the Review of Medicines (UK) carried out a review into benzodiazepines due to significant concerns of tolerance, drug dependence and benzodiazepine withdrawal problems and other adverse effects. The committee found that benzodiazepines do not have any antidepressant or analgesic properties and are therefore unsuitable treatments for conditions such as depression, tension headaches and dysmenorrhoea. Benzodiazepines are also not beneficial in the treatment of psychosis due to a lack of efficacy. The committee also recommended against benzodiazepines being used in the treatment of anxiety or insomnia in children. The committee was in agreement with the Institute of Medicine (USA) and the conclusions of a study carried out by the White House Office of Drug Policy and the National Institute on Drug Abuse (USA) that there was little evidence that long-term use of benzodiazepine hypnotics was beneficial in the treatment of insomnia due to the development of tolerance. Benzodiazepines tended to lose their sleep-promoting properties within 3 to 14 days of continuous use and in the treatment of anxiety the committee found that there was little convincing evidence that benzodiazepines retained efficacy in the treatment of anxiety after four months continuous use due to the development of tolerance. The committee found that the regular use of benzodiazepines caused the development of dependence characterised by tolerance to the therapeutic effects of benzodiazepines and the development of the benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome including symptoms such as anxiety, apprehension, tremor, insomnia, nausea, and vomiting upon cessation of benzodiazepine use. Withdrawal symptoms tended to develop within 24 hours on the cessation of a short-acting benzodiazepine and within 3 to 10 days after the cessation of a more long-acting benzodiazepine. Withdrawal effects could occur after treatment lasting only two weeks at therapeutic dose levels, however withdrawal effects tended to occur with habitual use beyond two weeks and were more likely the higher the dose. The withdrawal symptoms may appear to be similar to the original condition. The committee recommended that all benzodiazepine treatment be withdrawn gradually and recommended that benzodiazepine treatment be used only in carefully selected patients and that therapy be limited to short-term use only. It was noted in the review that alcohol can potentiate the central nervous system depressant effects of benzodiazepines and should be avoided. The central nervous system depressant effects of benzodiazepines may make driving or operating machinery dangerous and the elderly are more prone to these adverse effects. In the neonate, high single doses or repeated low doses have been reported to produce hypotonia, poor sucking, and hypothermia in the neonate and irregularities in the fetal heart. Benzodiazepines should be avoided in lactation. Withdrawal from benzodiazepines should be gradual as abrupt withdrawal from high doses of benzodiazepines may cause confusion, toxic psychosis, convulsions, or a condition resembling delirium tremens. Abrupt withdrawal from lower doses may cause depression, nervousness, rebound insomnia, irritability, sweating, and diarrhoea.(From Wikipedia)

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Information Related to Bivalirudin Trifluoroacetate

 

     Bivalirudin (Angiomax or Angiox, manufactured by The Medicines Company) is a specific and reversible direct thrombin inhibitor (DTI). Chemically, it is a synthetic congener of the naturally occurring drug hirudin (found in the saliva of the medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis).

Bivalirudin is a DTI that overcomes many limitations seen with indirect thrombin inhibitors, such as heparin. Bivalirudin is a short, synthetic peptide that is potent, highly specific, and a reversible inhibitor of thrombin. It inhibits both circulating and clot-bound thrombin, while also inhibiting thrombin-mediated platelet activation and aggregation. Bivalirudin has a quick onset of action and a short half-life. It does not bind to plasma proteins (other than thrombin) or to red blood cells. Therefore it has a predictable antithrombotic response. There is no risk for Heparin Induced Thrombocytopenia/Heparin Induced Thrombosis-Thrombocytopenia Syndrome (HIT/HITTS). It does not require a binding cofactor such as antithrombin and does not activate platelets. These characteristics make bivalirudin an ideal alternative to heparin

Item Name:      Bivalirudin Trifluoroacetate
Molecular Formula:     C98H138N24O33
CAS No.:     128270-60-0
Description of Bivalirudin Trifluoroacetate：
Appearance :White powder
Water Content(Karl Fischer) :≤5.0%
Trifluoroacetate Content(by HPLC) :≤12.0%
Amino Acid Composition :±10% of theoretical
Purity (by HPLC) :≥98.0%
Single Impurity(by HPLC) :≤1.0%
Peptide Content(by %N ) :≥80%
Assay(By Anhydrous, Acetic Acid-free ) :95.0~105.0%
Bacterial Endotoxins :≤5EU/mg

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