What Is Normal Serum?

 

Normal serum which is derived from the same or related species of animal as a tissue sample or from the host species of specific antibodies used in immunodetection method provides several properties that improve assay performance for immunohistochemistry. Normal serum provides a sufficient quantity of endogenous proteins to saturate and block nonspecific binding sites on fixed samples or assay substrates. When used as an antibody diluent, non-immune serum also supplies a native chemical environment for antibodies to function properly without adding foreign protein components.

Normal serum is the term used to describe serum from an animal that has not been immunized to produce antibodies against specific antigens. Thus, normal serum is the opposite of anti-serum. Normal sera contain the usual complement of serum proteins, including the various classes of immunoglobulins that exist in healthy animals of the particular species. Normal serum is frequently used for blocking or saturating generalized binding interactions for immunodetection methods, especially those involving tissue samples such as immunohistochemistry (IHC). Normal sera are also useful as controls for testing general and specific antibody purification methods.

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How to Produce Engineering Ceramic

Engineering ceramic  has with wear resistance and resistance to chemical corrosion.Engineering ceramics are good materials used to manufacture all kinds of corrosive components. Using it to make contact with molten aluminum in structural components will not be tarnished at risk.

Silicon nitride ceramics based on silicon powder as raw material, respectively, using the reaction sintering and hot pressing of two processes is made. The first method is the first silica fume to produce the required initial nitride green body, and then allowed in the high temperature of 1200 ° C and nitrogen.Initial nitride blank after a repair system for processing and then placed under the high temperature of 1350-1450 ° C, a second nitride so as to manufacture a silicon nitride ceramic. This method is called reaction sintering of silicon nitride. Ceramic devices by this method the system has a feature that does not shrink, and high precision. The second method is to first silicon powder made of silicon nitride powder, then add a small amount of magnesium oxide, placed in the mold, apply two, three hundred atmospheric pressure pressing from the high temperatures of 1700-1800 ° C . The latter is close to zero porosity dense ceramics, the former contain more pores.

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Scandium’s Isotopes

Scandium is a chemical element with symbol Sc and atomic number 21. A silvery-white metallic transition metal, it has historically been sometimes classified as a rare earth element, together with yttrium and the lanthanoids. It was discovered in 1879 by spectral analysis of the minerals euxenite and gadolinite from Scandinavia.

Scandium exists naturally exclusively as the isotope 45Sc, which has a nuclear spin of 7/2. Thirteen radioisotopes have been characterized with the most stable being 46Sc with a half-life of 83.8 days, 47Sc with a half-life of 3.35 days, and 48Sc with a half-life of 43.7 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 4 hours, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 2 minutes. Scandium also has five meta states with the most stable being 44mSc (t½ = 58.6 h).

The isotopes of scandium range from 36Sc to 60Sc. The primary decay mode at masses lower than the only stable isotope, 45Sc, is electron capture, and the primary mode at masses above it is beta emission. The primary decay products at atomic weights below 45Sc are calcium isotopes and the primary products from higher atomic weights are titanium isotopes.

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Less Common Side Effects of Nitrazepam

 

Nitrazepam is a type of benzodiazepine drug and is marketed in English-speaking countries under the following brand names: Alodorm, Arem, Insoma, Mogadon, Nitrados, Nitrazadon, Ormodon, Paxadorm, Remnos, and Somnite. It is a hypnotic drug used in the treatment of moderate to severe insomnia which has sedative and motor impairing properties, as well as anxiolytic, amnestic, anticonvulsant, and skeletal muscle relaxant properties. Nitrazepam is available in 5 mg and 10 mg tablets. In the Netherlands, Australia, Israel, and the United Kingdom it is only available in 5 mg tablets. In Denmark it is available as 2.5 mg and 5 mg tablets under the name Pacisyn.

Hypotension, faintness, palpitation, rash or pruritus, gastrointestinal disturbances, changes in libido. Very infrequently, paradoxical reactions may occur,for example, excitement, stimulation, hallucinations, hyperactivity and insomnia. Also depressed or increased dreaming, disorientation, severe sedation, retrograde amnesia, headache, hypothermia, delirium tremens. Acroparaesthesia has been reported as a side effect from nitrazepam with symptoms including, pins and needles in hands and loss of power of fingers and clumsiness of the fingers. Severe liver toxicity has also been reported.

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Something About Elcatonin Acetate

Elcatonin is a calcitonin derivative used as an anti-parathyroid agent. Elcatonin is a Calcitonin derivative which is transformed from eel’s calcitonin by changing the S-S bond into the stable C-N bond. It inhibits the absorption and autolysis of bones, thus leads to blood calcium descending. In addition, it inhibits the bone salts dissolving and transferring and promotes the excretion of calcium and phosphorus in urine. Meanwhile, it inhibits renal tubules reabsorbing calcium, phosphorus and sodium and keeps blood calcium at normal level. It is mainly used for remitting or eliminating the pain caused by Osteoporosis.

Item Name:         Elcatonin Acetate

Molecular Formula:    C148H244N42O47

CAS No.:    57014-02-5

Description of Elcatonin Acetate:
Appearance :White powder
Water Content(Karl Fischer) :≤10.0%
Acetate Content(by HPLC) :≤15.0%
Amino Acid Composition :±10% of theoretical
Purity (by HPLC) :≥98.0%
Single Impurity(by HPLC) :≤1.0%
Peptide Content(by %N) :≥80%
Assay(By Anhydrous, Acetic Acid-free ) :95.0~105.0%
Bacterial Endotoxins :≤5EU/mg

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The Production of Capric Acid

Capric acid is a white crystal with nasty smell.The melting point is 31.5℃ and the boiling point is 270℃，148-150℃(1.46kPa). It is soluble in alcohol,ether,benzene,chloroform and carbon disulfide,but insoluble in water. Capric acid is used in preparation for decanoate products. It is used in perfume,wetting agents, plasticizers, and food additives.

Capric acid occurs naturally in coconut oil and palm kernel oil, as well as in the milk of various mammals and to a lesser extent in other animal fats. It is used in organic synthesis and industrially in the manufacture of perfumes, lubricants, greases, rubber, dyes, plastics, food additives and pharmaceuticals.

Decanoic acid can be prepared from oxidation of primary alcohol decanol, by using chromium trioxide (CrO3) oxidant under acidic conditions in an acetone solvent. This will give decanoic acid in up to 93% yield.

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Red Selenium and Related Molecular Allotropes

Selenium is a chemical element with atomic number 34, chemical symbol Se, and an atomic mass of 78.96. It is a nonmetal, whose properties are intermediate between those of adjacent chalcogen elements sulfur and tellurium. It rarely occurs in its elemental state in nature, but instead is obtained as a side-product in the refining of other elements.

The second major allotrope of Se is red selenium. The solid consists of individual molecules of eight-membered ring molecules, like its lighter cousin sulfur. The Se-Se distance is 2.34 Å and the Se-Se-Se angle is 106°. Unlike sulfur, however, the red form converts to the gray polymeric allotrope with heat. Other rings with the formula Sen are also known.

Elemental selenium produced in chemical reactions invariably appears as the amorphous red form: an insoluble, brick-red powder. When this form is rapidly melted, it forms the black, vitreous form, which is usually sold industrially as beads. The red allotrope crystallises in three habits. Selenium does not exhibit the unusual changes in viscosity that sulfur undergoes when gradually heated.

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An Introduction of TNF-αR ELISA Kit

Product name:TNF-αR ELISA  Kit
Specification:96Test

 TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-α) is secreted by macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, T-cells, NK-cells following their stimulation by bacterial lipopolysaccharides. Murine TNF-α is N-glycosylated. Homology with TNF-β is approximately 30 percent. TNF-α shows a wide spectrum of biological activities. It causes cytolysis and cytostasis of many tumor cell lines in vitro. Within hours after injection, TNF-α leads to the destruction of small blood vessels within malignant tumors. TNF-α also enhances phagocytosis and cytotoxicity in neutrophilic granulocytes and also modulates the expression of many other proteins.

The Ray Bio Mouse TNF-α ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) kit is an in vitro enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the quantitative measurement of Mouse TNF-α in serum, plasma and cell culture supernatants. This assay employs an antibody specific for Mouse TNF-α coated on a 96-well plate. Standards and samples are pipetted into the wells and TNF-α present in a sample is bound to the wells by the immobilized antibody. The wells are washed and biotinylated anti-Mouse TNF-α antibody is added. After washing away unbound biotinylated antibody, HRP-conjugated streptavidin is pipetted to the wells. The wells are again washed, a TMB substrate solution is added to the wells and color develops in proportion to the amount of TNF-α bound. The Stop Solution
changes the color from blue to yellow, and the intensity of the color is measured at 450 nm. 

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Mechanism and the role of bifidobacteria on the intestinal

Mechanism and the role of bifidobacteria on the intestinal
Bifidobacteria to treat chronic diarrhea. Bifidobacterium clinical study in patients with chronic diarrhea

 showed that, after taking two weeks, the number of patients with stool, the shape is normal, clinical symptoms, 

the total effective rate was 90.3%, the recurrence rate is low. Many domestic hospitals have Bifidobacterium

 preparations as a treatment for chronic diarrhea, the drug of choice. Antibiotic-associated colitis is in fact the use of antibiotics, the original crossing bacteria or foreign bacteria (eg, Enterobacteriaceae)

 became the dominant population, they proliferation or CAMP activity increased secretion of related toxins with intestinal 

epithelial cell receptor binding, a lot of water and salt electrolyte loss caused by diarrhea. Proliferation of bifidobacteria,

 to foster the origin in the intestinal bacteria, and increased body colonization resistance, antagonistic pathogens and

 opportunistic pathogen colonization. The Bifidobacterium treat pseudomembranous colitis caused by heavy use 

of antibiotics. Was Bifidobacterium in the treatment of 380 cases of pseudomembranous colitis, total clinical cure

 rate was no significant difference, but the clinical side effects and recurrence rates are significantly lower.

 Bifidobacteria to treat constipation. Constipation refers to the number of bowel movements to reduce or

 constipation intractable (generally more than two days without a bowel movement) in terms of etiology 

can be broadly divided into organic constipation and functional constipation two categories. The Bifidobacteria

 mainly used for the symptoms of functional constipation. Cause of functional constipation in general agree 

with the imbalance of intestinal bacteria are closely related to each other most. Into an increase in intestinal

 foreign bacteria (or crossing bacteria), spoilage bacteria, which produces the corresponding toxic metabolites

 such as amines, phenols, indole and other substances. By adjusting the normal intestinal flora and restore the

 balance of normal intestinal flora, greatly reduced the number of spoilage bacteria, reducing the absorption 

of its toxic metabolite, and thus alleviate the symptoms of constipation. In particular, complement the origin

 of bifidobacteria and other bacteria, which produces acetic acid and milk PH value of 2.8 to 3.1, the intestinal

 acidic, and can control the abnormal fermentation caused by harmful bacteria, and stimulates peristalsis, thereby

 reducing the excessive absorption of moisture alleviate the symptoms of constipation, you can also the resurrection 

of the immune function, and to adjust the endocrine – immune function recovery, recovery of intestinal peristalsis to relieve constipation and other symptoms.

 

 

 

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Sodium Hydride’s Use As A Strong Base

Sodium hydride is the chemical compound with the empirical formula NaH. It is primarily used as a strong base in organic synthesis. NaH is representative of the saline hydrides, meaning it is a salt-like hydride, composed of Na+ and H− ions, in contrast to the more molecular hydrides such as borane, methane, ammonia and water. It is an ionic material that is insoluble in organic solvents (although soluble in molten Na), consistent with the fact that H− remains an unknown anion in solution. Because of the insolubility of NaH, all reactions involving NaH occur at the surface of the solid.

First and foremost, NaH is a base of wide scope and utility in organic chemistry. It is capable of deprotonating a range of even weak Brønsted acids to give the corresponding sodium derivatives. Typical “easy” substrates contain O-H, N-H, S-H bonds, including alcohols, phenols, pyrazoles, and thiols.

NaH most notably is employed to deprotonate carbon acids such as 1,3-dicarbonyls and analogues such as malonic esters. The resulting sodium derivatives can be alkylated. NaH is widely used to promote condensation reactions of carbonyl compounds via the Dieckmann condensation, Stobbe condensation, Darzens condensation, and Claisen condensation. Other carbon acids susceptible to deprotonation by NaH include sulfonium salts and DMSO. NaH is used to make sulfur ylides, which in turn are used to convert ketones into epoxides.

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